Estratégia de enfrentamento de diagnóstico laboratorial da COVID-19 no estado da Paraíba / Covid-19 laboratory diagnosis coping strategy in the state of Paraíba

Objetivo: Relatar a experiência de uma equipe multiprofissional na implementação de um laboratório, para realização de testes para diagnóstico precoce de infecção pelo Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Método: Estudo descritivo, tipo relato de experiência, desenvolvido numa Escola Técnica de Saúde Federal de João Pessoa, Paraíba. Resultados: A experiência ocorreu em três etapas: na primeira etapa foi realizada a organização do laboratório; na segunda etapa a descrição do funcionamento deste, com acolhimento e análise das amostras da nasofaringe e orofaringe dos indivíduos e profissionais da saúde; e, na terceira etapa que constitui a investigação dos indivíduos e avaliação de profissionais da saúde com risco para a doença do coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19), por meio do mapeamento das unidades assistenciais para o SARS-CoV-2 e outros vírus respiratórios, com o intuito de estabelecer o perfil epidemiológico da população exposta. Conclusão: A estratégia desenvolvida pela Escola Técnica de Saúde em apoiar o estado da Paraíba nas ações de controle e mitigação da pandemia da COVID-19, mais especificamente no diagnóstico da doença, permitiu grande avanço do ponto de vista do conhecimento científico e contribuição na geração de informação, capacitação, produtos, processos ou serviços especializados. (AU)

Objective: To report the experience of a multidisciplinary team in the implementation of a laboratory, to carry out tests for the early diagnosis of infection by the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Method: Descriptive study, type of experience report, developed at a Federal Health Technical School in João Pessoa, Paraíba. Results: The experience took place in three stages: in the first stage, the laboratory was organized; in the second stage the description of its functioning, with reception and analysis of the nasopharynx and oropharynx samples of individuals and health professionals; and, in the third stage that constitutes the investigation of individuals and the evaluation of health professionals at risk for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), through the mapping of care units for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses, in order to establish the epidemiological profile of the exposed population. Conclusion: A strategy developed by the Technical School of Health in support of Paraíba state, in the actions to control and mitigate the pandemic of COVID-19, more specific in the diagnosis of the disease, allowed a great advance in terms of scientific knowledge and research scientific information, training, products, processes or specialized services. (AU)

Objetivo: Informar la experiencia de un equipo multidisciplinario en la implementación de un laboratorio, para llevar a cabo pruebas para el diagnóstico precoz de infección por el Coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Método: Estudio descriptivo, tipo de informe de experiencia, desarrollado en una Escuela Técnica Federal de Salud en João Pessoa, Paraíba. Resultados: El experimento se realizó en tres etapas: en la primera etapa, se organizó el laboratorio; en la segunda etapa la descripción de su funcionamiento, con recepción y análisis de muestras de individuos y profesionales de la salud de la nasofaringe y la orofaringe; y, en la tercera etapa que constituye la investigación de individuos y la evaluación de profesionales de la salud en riesgo de contraer la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), a través del mapeo de unidades de atención para SARS-CoV-2 y otros virus respiratorios, para establecer el perfil epidemiológico de la población expuesta. Conclusión: La estrategia desarrollada por la Escuela Técnica de Salud para apoyar al estado de Paraíba en las acciones para controlar y mitigar la pandemia de COVID-19, más específicamente en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad, permitió un gran progreso desde el punto de vista del conocimiento científico y la contribución a la generación. información, formación, productos, procesos o servicios especializados. (AU)

Avaliação de polimorfismos genéticos de citocinas na doença de Chagas crônica / Evaluation of cytokines genetic polymorphisms in chronic Chagas disease

A doença de Chagas é largamente distribuída pelo continente americano, onde afeta milhões de indivíduos. Clinicamente, apresenta uma diversidade de manifestações. Na fase crônica, os indivíduos infectados pelo Trypanosoma cruzi podem ser assintomáticos ou apresentar complicações cardíacas e/ou digestivas. Alguns estudos têm demonstrado o envolvimento da resposta imune no desenvolvimento e manutenção das formas clínicas crônicas da infecção chagásica. A produção e a expressão diferencial de algumas citocinas entre os portadores da doença de Chagas crônica tornaram estas moléculas alvos de estudos de polimorfismos genéticos. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar polimorfismos de um único nucleotídeo (SNPs) em portadores da doença de Chagas crônica...

Chagas disease is widely distributed through the American continent, where affects millions of individuals. Clinically, the disease presents a variety of manifestations. In the chronicphase, the individuals infected byTrypanosoma cruzimay have the absence of symptom atology or present cardiac and/or digestive complications...

Cytopathological effects of Bacillus sphaericus Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa toxin on binary toxin-susceptible and -resistant Culex quinquefasciatus larvae.

The Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa mosquitocidal two-component toxin was recently characterized from Bacillus sphaericus strain IAB59 and is uniquely composed of a three-domain Cry protein toxin (Cry48Aa) and a binary (Bin) toxin-like protein (Cry49Aa). Its mode of action has not been elucidated, but a remarkable feature of this protein is the high toxicity against species from the Culex complex, besides its capacity to overcome Culex resistance to the Bin toxin, the major insecticidal factor in B. sphaericus-based larvicides. The goal of this work was to investigate the ultrastructural effects of Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa on midgut cells of Bin-toxin-susceptible and -resistant Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The major cytopathological effects observed after Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa treatment were intense mitochondrial vacuolation, breakdown of endoplasmic reticulum, production of cytoplasmic vacuoles, and microvillus disruption. These effects were similar in Bin-toxin-susceptible and -resistant larvae and demonstrated that Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa toxin interacts with and displays toxic effects on cells lacking receptors for the Bin toxin, while B. sphaericus IAB59-resistant larvae did not show mortality after treatment with Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa toxin. The cytopathological alterations in Bin-toxin-resistant larvae provoked by Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa treatment were similar to those observed when larvae were exposed to a synergistic mixture of Bin/Cry11Aa toxins. Such effects seemed to result from a combined action of Cry-like and Bin-like toxins. The complex effects caused by Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa provide evidence for the potential of these toxins as active ingredients of a new generation of biolarvicides that conjugate insecticidal factors with distinct sites of action, in order to manage mosquito resistance.

Ultrastructural analysis of midgut cells from Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae resistant to Bacillus sphaericus.

The larvicidal action of the entomopathogen Bacillus sphaericus towards Culex quinquefasciatus is due to the binary (Bin) toxin present in crystals, which are produced during bacterial sporulation. The Bin toxin needs to recognize and bind specifically to a single class of receptors, named Cqm1, which are 60-kDa alpha-glucosidases attached to the apical membrane of midgut cells by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. C. quinquefasciatus resistance to B. sphaericus has been often associated with the absence of the alpha-glucosidase Cqm1 in larvae midgut microvilli. In this work, we aimed to investigate, at the ultrastructural level, the midgut cells from C. quinquefasciatus larvae whose resistance relies on the lack of the Cqm1 receptor. The morphological analysis showed that midgut columnar cells from the resistant larvae are characterized by a pronounced production of lipid inclusions, throughout the 4th instar. At the end of this stage, resistant larvae had an increased size and number of these inclusions in the midgut cells, while only a small number were observed in the cells from susceptible larvae. The morphological differences in the midgut cells of resistant larvae found in this work suggested that the lack of the Cqm1 receptor, which also has a physiological role as being an alpha-glucosidase, can be related to changes in the cell metabolism. The ultrastructural effects of Bin toxin on midgut epithelial cells from susceptible and resistant larvae were also investigated. The cytopathological alterations observed in susceptible larvae treated with a lethal concentration of toxin included breakdown of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial swelling, microvillar disruption and vacuolization. Some effects were observed in cells from resistant larvae, although those alterations did not lead to larval death, indicating that the receptor Cqm1 is essential to mediate the larvicidal action of the toxin. This is the first ultrastructural study to show differences in the cell morphology of resistant larvae and further investigation is needed to understand the impact of the lack of expression of midgut enzymes on the physiology of resistant insects.